What does “cancer vaccine” mean?
Many therapeutic cancer vaccines are designed to stimulate immunity against an existing tumor rather than prevent an infection. Personalized approaches can sequence a patient's tumor, select tumor-specific neoantigens and encode selected targets in mRNA or peptides.
Research status in 2026
The U.S. National Cancer Institute lists active early-phase studies evaluating personalized vaccines in several tumor settings. Active research does not mean a treatment is approved or proven for routine use.
Sources
NCI: mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine mRNA-4157
NCI: active personalized vaccine phase I trial
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